A recent study published in The Lancet Oncology has shed light on a significant public health issue in India, indicating that approximately 1.9 lakh (190,000) new cancer cases each year are associated with various infections. This figure represents about 12% of India's annual cancer burden, underscoring the potential for prevention through targeted public health interventions.
Key Pathogens Driving India's Cancer Burden
The study identified several key pathogens contributing to infection-linked cancers in India, with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) emerging as the most significant contributor. HPV alone was linked to over 100,000 cases, predominantly cervical cancer, which remains a major health concern for women in the country.
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Over 100,000 cases, primarily cervical cancer.
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): Approximately 47,000 cases, largely gastric cancer.
- Epstein-Barr virus: Accounted for around 22,000 cases.
- Hepatitis B virus: Linked to about 10,000 cases, often liver cancer.
- Hepatitis C virus: Associated with roughly 5,300 cases, also a cause of liver cancer.
Globally, the study estimated that infections were responsible for about 2.3 million new cancer cases in 2024, or roughly 12% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide. Five main pathogens – H. pylori, HPV, Hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr, and Hepatitis C – were found to drive the vast majority of these cases.
Prevention and Expert Recommendations
Experts emphasize that a substantial number of these infection-related cancers are preventable. Dr. Smita Joshi, a senior scientist at Prayas health group, highlighted the dual importance of vaccination and screening, particularly for cervical cancer prevention. "What is also important is screening of adult women with an HPV test and appropriate management if positive for prevention of cervical cancer," she stated.
Dr. I S Gilada, Secretary General of People’s Health Organisation-India, stressed the critical role of vaccination against HPV and Hepatitis B. While the Hepatitis B vaccine is affordable, supply shortages can be an issue, and there are gaps in ensuring vaccination for individuals who test negative for the virus.
Beyond vaccination and screening, the researchers pointed to other crucial measures, including testing and treatment for H. pylori and hepatitis viruses, promoting safe injection practices, and screening for precancerous lesions, all of which can significantly reduce the incidence of infection-attributable cancers.
"The findings... highlight the role of preventable infections in the country’s cancer burden and underline the importance of vaccination, screening and timely treatment."
The study's findings provide a clear roadmap for public health initiatives in India, focusing on accessible vaccination programs, robust screening protocols, and effective treatment strategies to mitigate the impact of infection-linked cancers.